Islands of domestication

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I drew this to illustrate another Forum paper for the scientific journal Oikos. Here is a summary of the study, “Insularity and early domestication: anthropogenic ecosystems as habitat islands” (by Robert N. Spengler III):

Maybe humans take too much credit for domesticating plants and animals. This Forum paper argues that the human-friendly qualities of our pets, livestock, and crops could have arisen without selective breeding or other human-centric mechanisms that are usually assumed. Instead, it explores an ecological mechanism: the island syndrome.

Think of early farms and villages as islands. The author draws parallels between the processes of domestication and island evolution, suggesting that the same ecological forces may be responsible for both. Both island plants and cultivated crops tend to have bigger and less dispersible seeds than their ancestors. Animals on islands and in human habitats can lose flight ability, fear responses, and patches of pigmentation, among other changes.

Why such parallel patterns of evolution? It could be that when plants and animals find their way to islands or other insular habitats—ranging from early villages to modern cities—they are released from predation and competition pressures. Domestication scholars and island biogeographers would benefit from comparing notes, the author concludes.

Life, death, and disease—in C

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I drew this to illustrate Forum paper for the scientific journal Oikos. Here is a summary of the study, “Dead or alive: carbon as currency to integrate disease and ecosystem ecology theory” (by Seabloom et al.):

Disease and ecosystem ecology are treated as separate disciplines, but we know they're intertwined—so how can we study them together? Think in terms of carbon, suggests this Forum paper. Most studies of disease stop tracking organisms after they die, ignoring their ongoing role in the ecosystem. By shifting to units of carbon rather than individuals, we can keep track of dead hosts as well as living ones (not to mention partially infected hosts that shed dead tissue).

The authors present four models focusing on plant and phytoplankton pathogens to explore this coupling of disease and ecosystem perspectives. They show that disease spread is mediated by the decomposition rates of dead hosts, while pathogens influence carbon cycling between live and dead biomass. Their modeling also predicts that disease is more devastating to ecosystems with fast carbon turnover, like lakes and oceans, relative to slow-turnover ecosystems like boreal forests—just a few examples of insights gained by unifying the two fields of study.